Routine endoscopic biopsy forceps and (guarded) culture instruments can be used for intrauterine sample acquisition, and endoscopic retrieval forceps can be used for vaginoscopic foreign body removal. Polypropylene urinary catheters are used commonly recently, commercial catheters including a stylet have become available (Canine TCI ™, Minitube USA, Verona, Wis.) in 5.5 and 8F diameters. A stylet can be placed inside the catheter if increased rigidity is required. The largest catheter accommodated offers the best rigidity for manipulation through the cervix and minimizes reflux of the inseminant. Irrigation with normal saline best improves visualization of the vaginal vault by distending the vaginal folds in nonestrual bitches.Īn 8F urinary catheter is an appropriate size for most bitches for cervical catheterization, although a 5.5F catheter is sometimes required for small or maiden bitches (Sovereign, Tyko Healthcare Group, Mansfield, Mass.). Air distension with an insufflation bulb also works well. Adequate air insufflation or suction can be achieved, if needed, by connecting intravenous tubing and a syringe with a three-way stopcock to one of the working channels this arrangement is sometimes useful for insufflation for routine vaginoscopy in a nonestrual bitch and occasionally for suctioning of copious estrual fluid to improve visualization of the vaginal lumen in estrual bitches. Unlike with gastrointestinal endoscopy, electronic air pumps for insufflation and suction are not generally necessary and may be hazardous to friable urogenital tissues, creating excessive distension of the vagina or bladder. Video endoscopy is preferred because it also allows both the operator and audience (e.g., the client) to comfortably watch the entire insemination procedure.
The initial rise in the progesterone level (first day that the progesterone level is between 2 and 3 ng/mL) estimates the LH surge.Ī video camera can be attached to the endoscopes, permitting enlarged imaging of the procedure.
#CANINE MINITUBE SERIAL#
5, 6 Ovulation timing (e.g., vaginal cytology and serial progesterone and luteinizing hormone evaluation) best dictates the optimal day(s) for insemination, typically 3 to 6 days after the LH surge. Data supporting the benefit of intrauterine deposition of frozen thawed semen exist (40% to 90% conception rates) it can then be extrapolated that better conception rates will occur with intrauterine insemination of chilled, extended, or otherwise compromised semen. 4 The process and resultant quality of canine cryopreservation have improved with time however, insemination techniques remained challenging until transcervical endoscopic intrauterine access was developed. Frozen thawed semen needs to be placed close to the site of fertilization (the fallopian tube) for acceptable conception rates intrauterine insemination is highly recommended. In some countries, elective surgeries such as these are not permitted.įigure 18-2 Vaginal endoscopic view of a vestibulovaginal developmental anomaly (dorsoventral septate band) preventing natural breeding.Ĭryopreservation and subsequent thawing diminish semen quality, necessitating special insemination technology. The laparoscopic approach to the canine uterus has been used infrequently, especially in the practice setting, similarly because of its relative invasiveness (i.e., multiple incisions and insufflation) and because it requires special equipment, expertise, and again, anesthesia. In addition to its invasiveness, laparotomy requires general anesthesia, which many clinicians and clients find objectionable for an elective procedure such as artificial insemination. 1, 2 Historically, intrauterine insemination required an invasive procedure (laparotomy or laparoscopy) in the bitch. The normal anatomy of the vagina and cervix in the bitch has also hampered transcervical access to the canine uterus until rigid cystourethroscopes were developed. Sampling of the female reproductive tract via laparoscopy or laparotomy is invasive pelvic canal anatomy again limits access. Ultrasonography provides good information about the reproductive tract but has limited penetration into the vagina within the pelvic canal. 1 Plain radiography provides limited information about the female reproductive tract, and contrast radiography requires anesthesia and evaluates only the lumen. Diagnostic vaginoscopy has traditionally been hampered by the normal anatomy of the canine vagina and is now greatly facilitated by the development of rigid cystourethroscopes with excellent optics and accessories permitting insufflation and tissue sampling for cytologic, histopathologic, and culture analysis.
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